Global Climate Change — Amendments

Amendment	Year	Description	Impact
Not a formal amendment, but a significant shift in global climate governance	2015	The adoption of the Paris Agreement marked a fundamental shift from the Kyoto Protocol's top-down, legally binding targets for developed countries to a more inclusive, bottom-up approach based on Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) for all countries. This broadened participation significantly.	Increased global participation in climate action, including major developing economies like India and China, and established a long-term goal of limiting warming to 1.5°C. It also introduced mechanisms like the Global Stocktake and emphasized climate finance and technology transfer, though implementation remains a challenge.
Not a formal amendment, but a critical decision at COP28	2023	The 'UAE Consensus' at COP28 included, for the first time, a call for 'transitioning away from fossil fuels in energy systems, in a just, orderly and equitable manner'. This marked a significant evolution in the global discourse, moving beyond just emissions reductions to explicitly addressing the source.	Signals a clear, albeit gradual, global commitment to move away from fossil fuels, influencing national energy policies and investment decisions. It also operationalized the Loss and Damage Fund, addressing a long-standing demand from vulnerable nations for financial support for irreversible climate impacts, marking a crucial step towards climate justice.

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