Amendment Procedure — Amendments

Amendment	Year	Description	Impact
24th Amendment	1971	Clarified Parliament's power to amend any part of the Constitution, including fundamental rights, by adding clause (4) to Article 13 and modifying Article 368. The amendment was a response to the Golak Nath case which had restricted Parliament's power to amend fundamental rights.	Restored Parliament's constituent power and paved the way for subsequent amendments to fundamental rights, establishing the principle that constitutional amendments are not 'laws' under Article 13 and thus not subject to fundamental rights restrictions.
25th Amendment	1971	Added Article 31C to protect laws implementing directive principles from fundamental rights challenges, and modified the right to property by removing the requirement for 'compensation' and substituting it with 'amount' for compulsory acquisition.	Strengthened the state's power to implement social and economic reforms by providing constitutional protection to laws giving effect to directive principles, particularly those related to land reforms and wealth distribution.
42nd Amendment	1976	Known as the 'Mini Constitution,' this amendment made extensive changes including adding new directive principles, fundamental duties, extending Parliament and assembly terms, restricting judicial review, and modifying the amendment procedure itself by adding clauses (4) and (5) to Article 368.	Significantly altered the constitutional balance by enhancing executive power, restricting judicial review, and attempting to place constitutional amendments beyond court scrutiny. Many provisions were later struck down or modified, demonstrating the limits of constitutional amendment power.
44th Amendment	1978	Reversed many changes made by the 42nd Amendment, restored the balance between fundamental rights and directive principles, removed the right to property from fundamental rights (making it a legal right), and restored judicial review powers.	Restored constitutional balance after the Emergency period, strengthened judicial review, and demonstrated the Constitution's capacity for self-correction through the democratic amendment process.
73rd Amendment	1992	Added Part IX to the Constitution, establishing Panchayati Raj institutions as the third tier of government with constitutional status, mandatory elections, reservations for women and marginalized communities, and state election commissions.	Revolutionized rural governance by constitutionalizing local self-government, empowering rural communities, and creating a three-tier federal structure. Required state ratification as it affected the federal structure and distribution of powers.
101st Amendment	2016	Introduced Goods and Services Tax (GST) by adding Article 246A, empowering both Centre and states to levy GST, creating the GST Council, and modifying the Seventh Schedule to accommodate the new tax structure.	Created India's most significant tax reform by establishing a unified national market, requiring extensive federal cooperation through the GST Council, and demonstrating how constitutional amendments can facilitate major economic reforms.

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