Right to Equality — Prelims Questions

Which of the following statements regarding the Right to Equality in the Indian Constitution is/are correct? 1. Article 14 applies to all persons, including legal persons. 2. Article 15 prohibits discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, descent, place of birth, or residence. 3. The 'creamy layer' concept is applicable to Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes for reservation in promotions. 4. The 103rd Constitutional Amendment introduced reservation for Economically Weaker Sections (EWS) under Article 15(6) and 16(6). Select the correct answer using the code given below:

Consider the following statements regarding Article 17 of the Indian Constitution: 1. It abolishes 'Untouchability' and its practice in any form is forbidden. 2. It is enforceable only against the State and not against private individuals. 3. Parliament has enacted the Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955, to give effect to this article. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

The 'arbitrariness doctrine' under Article 14, as evolved by the Supreme Court, implies that: 1. Any state action must be fair, just, and reasonable. 2. It is an expansion of the 'reasonable classification' test. 3. It links Article 14 with the principles of natural justice. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

With reference to Article 18 of the Indian Constitution, consider the following statements: 1. It prohibits the State from conferring any titles, except military and academic distinctions. 2. Citizens of India are prohibited from accepting any title from a foreign State. 3. National awards like Bharat Ratna and Padma Vibhushan are considered 'titles' under Article 18. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Consider the following statements regarding the 103rd Constitutional Amendment Act, 2019: 1. It introduced a 10% reservation for Economically Weaker Sections (EWS) in admissions to educational institutions and public employment. 2. The Supreme Court, in *Janhit Abhiyan v. Union of India* (2022), upheld its constitutional validity. 3. The 50% reservation cap, as laid down in *Indra Sawhney* case, applies to the EWS quota as well. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?