Migration and Displacement Issues — Amendments

Amendment	Year	Description	Impact
No direct constitutional amendment specifically for internal migration	N/A	While there isn't a specific constitutional amendment solely dedicated to internal migration, the **44th Amendment Act, 1978**, which removed the right to property from the list of Fundamental Rights (Article 19(1)(f) and Article 31), has indirect implications. The right to property was often invoked in cases of land acquisition, which is a major cause of development-induced displacement. Its removal as a fundamental right, while not directly related to migration, altered the legal landscape for those whose land was acquired, shifting the focus to statutory rights and compensation.	Indirectly impacted the legal recourse available to those displaced by development projects, as the right to property could no longer be directly enforced as a fundamental right. This made statutory provisions like the Land Acquisition Act (now LARR Act, 2013) the primary mechanism for compensation and rehabilitation, with varying degrees of success for the displaced.
Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019	2019	This legislative amendment, while not a constitutional amendment, significantly altered the Citizenship Act, 1955. It provides a path to Indian citizenship for Hindu, Sikh, Buddhist, Jain, Parsi, and Christian migrants who entered India from Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Afghanistan on or before December 31, 2014, and who have faced religious persecution. It explicitly excludes Muslim migrants from this provision.	Has profound implications for asylum seekers and refugees in India, creating a differentiated pathway to citizenship based on religion and country of origin. It has been a subject of intense debate regarding its constitutionality (Article 14 - equality) and its potential to create a two-tiered system for refugees, impacting India's secular fabric and international obligations.